Functional languages are making a comeback. For a while they were in the exclusive domain of academia but recently there has been increased interest in functional programming in the wider industry. I will leave it up to
WikiPedia to explain if you never heard of this before.
Here is a simple program written in
SML that implements a Mastermind game.
(*
This program implements a mastermind game.
The computer is the board master and the user
has to make guesses until...
The tokens "g", "r", "y", "b" are used to represent
green, red, yellow and blue respectively.
Author: Vincent Ramdhanie
Date: 11 February 2010
*)
(*Start by opening the TextIO library for input and output of text data.*)
open TextIO;
(*Next we need a random number generator*)
val ran = Random.rand(1, 20);
fun random() = Random.randRange(1, 4) ran;
(* member returns true if c is a member of the list, false otherwise. Of course there is a built in member function. But we are trying to learn the language here are we not?*)
fun member(c, []) = false |
member(c, h::t) = c = h orelse member(c, t);
(*inPosition returns true is c is in the ith position ina given list*)
fun inPosition(c, i, []) = false |
inPosition(c, 0, h::_) = c = h |
inPosition(c, i, _::t) = inPosition(c, i - 1, t);
(*We need a datatype to track character correctness*)
datatype correct = A | B | C;
(*This function takes a character and a position and returns a correct value*)
fun charCorrect(c, i, L) =
if member(c, L) then
if inPosition(c, i, L) then
A
else
B
else
C;
(*Remove all newLine characters from a char list*)
fun removeNewLine([]) = [] |
removeNewLine(#"\n"::_) = [] |
removeNewLine(h::t) = h::removeNewLine(t);
(*Remove newline characters from a string *)
fun trimString(s) = implode(removeNewLine(explode(s)));
(*Ensure that only the characters #"g", #"r", #"b" and #"y" are in a string*)
local val chars = [#"g", #"r", #"b", #"y"] in
fun limitChars([]) = true |
limitChars(h::t) = member(h, chars) andalso limitChars(t)
end;
fun limitString(s) = limitChars(explode(s));
(* Generate Random characters*)
fun randomChar() =
let
val r = random()
in
case r of
1 => #"g" |
2 => #"b" |
3 => #"r" |
4 => #"y"
end;
(*Generate just n characters*)
fun nRandomChars(0) = [] |
nRandomChars(n) = randomChar()::nRandomChars(n - 1);
(*Create a string of 4 characters*)
fun randomCharString() = implode(nRandomChars(4));
(*Some user interaction functions*)
(*This function gets an input line from the user*)
fun inLine() = valOf(inputLine(stdIn));
(*Prompt the user for input*)
fun prompt(msg) = (print(msg ^ "\r\n");inLine())
(*The Yes No datatype*)
datatype answer = Yes | No;
(*The Valid Invalid datatype*)
datatype valids = Valid | Invalid;
(*Prompt the user for a Yes No value*)
fun yesNoPrompt(msg) =
let
val ans = prompt(msg)
in
if ans = "Yes\n" then
Yes
else
No
end;
(* Get a cleaned up guess*)
fun guessPrompt() =
let
val guess = prompt("Please enter 4 character guess using the characters g, r, b and y")
in
trimString(guess)
end;
(* Validate Guess*)
fun getValidGuess() =
let
val inp = guessPrompt()
val lim = limitString(inp)
in
if (size(inp) = 4) andalso lim then
inp
else
(print("Sorry, That input is invalid. Please try again.\n\n");getValidGuess())
end;
(* Print a report*)
fun printResult([]) = print("_______________________\n") |
printResult(h::t) =
if h = A then
(print("Correct Position\n");printResult(t))
else
if h = B then
(print("Incorrect Position\n");printResult(t))
else
(print("Incorrect Token\n");printResult(t))
(*Determine the quality of a guess*)
fun processGuessAux(original, _, []) = [] |
processGuessAux(original,i, h::t) = charCorrect(h, i, original)::processGuessAux(original,i + 1, t);
fun processGuess(original, guess) =
if original = guess then
true
else
(printResult(processGuessAux(explode(original), 0, explode(guess)));false)
(*A run of the Game*)
fun gameRun(original) =
let
val guess = getValidGuess()
val result = processGuess(original, guess)
in
if result then
print("Congratulations. You Win!")
else
gameRun(original)
end;
(*Game Control*)
fun playAgain() =
let
val ans = yesNoPrompt("Do you want to play again? (Yes/No):\n")
in
if ans = Yes then
play()
else
print("Thank You for playing.")
end
and
play() =
let
val original = randomCharString()
in
(gameRun(original);playAgain())
end;
